牛津通识读本:美国总统制 [22]
[26] Rhodes Cook,The Presidential Nominating Process:A Place for Us?(Lanham,MD:Roman and Littlefield Publishers,2004),37.
[27] 译文参考自:[美]汉密尔顿、杰伊、麦迪逊:《联邦党人文集》(程逢如、在汉、舒逊译),北京:商务印书馆1980年版,第45页。——译注
[28] 同上,第264页。——译注
[29] 参见Charles O.Jones,The Presidency in a Separated System(Washington,DC:Brooking Institution Press,2005),136.
[30] Samuel Kernell,Going Public:New Strategies of Presidential Leadership,3rd ed.(Washington,DC:Congressional Quarterly Press,1997).
[31] 即白人。——译注
[32] 引自Charles O.Jones,Passages to the Presidency:From Campaigning to Governing(Washington,DC:Brookings Institution Press,1998),52.
[33] Lyndon B.Johnson,Vantage Point:Perspectives on the Presiden-cy,1963-1969(New York:Holt,Rinehart and Winston,1971),450.
[34] 莱特引用自Charles Babington,“Presidential Appointment Process Questioned,”Washington Post,January10,2001.
[35] 应为美国宪法第二条第二款,原文疑有误。——译注
[36] 报道于Stephen E.Ambrose,Nixon:Ruin and Recover,1973-1990(New York:Simon and Schuster,1991),14.
[37] 指陆军部、海军部和空军部。——译注
[38] Gary Wills,转引自Charles O.Jones,“The Presidency and the Press,”Journal of the Press and Politics,Vol.1,No.2(1996):16.
[39] Peri E.Arnold,Making the Managerial Presidency:Comprehensive Reorganization Planning,1905-1980(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1986),361-62.
[40] President's Committee on Administrative Management,Administra-tive Management of the Government of the United States(Washington,DC:Government Printing Office,1937),5.
[41] 预算局最初经由《预算和会计法》创设于1921年。起初,它是财政部的一部分,1939年,根据《政府改组法》,预算局移归总统办事机构管辖。
[42] 参见The United States Government Manual,2005-2006(Washington,DC:Government Printing Office,2005),全部列表见92页。
[43] 详细内容请参见Stephen Hess(with James P.Pfiffner),Organizing the Presidency,3rd ed.(Washington,D.C.,Brookings Institution Press,2002),chs.3-10.
[44] 详情请参阅Dick Morris,Behind the Oval Office:Winning the Presidency in the Nineties(New York:Random House,1997)与George Stephanopoulos,All Too Human:A Political Education(New York:Little,Brown,1999)
[45] The United States Government Manual,2005-2006(Washington,DC:Government Printing Office,2005),88.
[46] Charles O.Jones,ed.,Preparing To Be President:The Memos of Richard E.Neustadt(Washington,DC:American Enterprise Institute Press,2000),131.
[47] Nelson W.Polsby,“Some Landmarks in Presidential-Congressional Relations,”in Both Ends of the Avenue:The President,the Executive Branch,and the Congress,ed.Anthony King(Washington,DC:American Enterprise Institute,1983),3.
[48] George E.Reedy,The Twilight of the Presidency(New York and Cleveland:World Publishing Company,1970),xiv.
[49] Jeffrey H.Birnbaum,Madhouse(New York:Times Books,1996),244.
[50] 引用自Bob Woodward,Bush at War(New York:Simon and Schuster,2002),136.
[51] 引用自Charles O.Jones,“Richard E.Neustadt:Public Servant as Scholar,”Annual Review of Political Science 6(2003):11.
[52] Bill Clinton,My Life(New York:Alfred A.Knopf,2004),577.
[53] Ralph K.Huitt,“Democratic Leadership in the Senate,”American Political Science Review 55(June,1961):337.
[54] 引用自Stephen J.Wayne,The Legislative Presidency(New York:Harper and Row,1978),161.
[55] George C.Edwards,III,Campaigning by Governing:The Politics of the Bush Presidency(Upper Saddle River,NJ:Pearson Longman,2006).
[56] Donald F.Kettl,Deficit Politics(New York:Macmillan,1992),128.
[57] Daniel J.Palazzolo,Done Deal?The Politics of the 1997Budget Agreement(New York:Seven Bridges Press/Chatham House,1999),36.
[58] 原文如此,疑应为1995年后。——译注
[59] 一个例外发生在1990年,当时老布什总统在其“绝不加税”承诺方面食言。参见Palazzolo,33.
[60] Noble E.Cunningham,Jr.,In Pursuit of Reason:The Life of Thomas Jefferson(Baton Rouge:Louisiana State University Press,1987),237.宪法第十二条修正案后来修正了这个错误;见第三章。
[61] Richard E.Neustadt,“The Presidency at Mid-Century,”Law and Contemporary Politics 21(Autumn1956):609-45
[62] 同上。黑体强调出自原文。
[63] Donald F.Kettl,“Reforming the Executive Branch of the U.S.Government,”in The Executive Branch,ed.Joel D.Aberbach and Mark A.Peterson(New York:Oxford University Press,2005),344.
[64] 在尼克松总统时期,小阿瑟·施莱辛格所著的一本具有深远影响的专著中提出了这个事例,参见The Imperial Presidency(New York:Houghton Mifflin,1973)。施莱辛格最关注总统在外交与国家安全方面